![]() McGirt MJ, Chaichana KL, Attenello FJ, Weingart JD, Than K, Burger PC, et al. Independent association of extent of resection with survival in patients with malignant brain astrocytoma. McGirt MJ, Chaichana KL, Gathinji M, Attenello FJ, Than K, Olivi A, et al. Intraoperative confocal microscopy in the visualization of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in low-grade gliomas. Sanai N, Snyder LA, Honea NJ, Coons SW, Eschbacher JM, Smith KA, et al. Intraoperative MRI guidance and extent of resection in glioma surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. Senft C, Bink A, Franz K, Vatter H, Gasser T, Seifert V. Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias. Stummer W, Reulen HJ, Meinel T, Pichlmeier U, Schumacher W, Tonn JC, et al. Role of extent of resection in the long-term outcome of low-grade hemispheric gliomas. ![]() Smith JS, Chang EF, Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Prados MD, Cha S, et al. Besides the classical intermittent mapping techniques, recently, continuous dynamic mapping approaches via surgical instruments have evolved. Subcortical mapping is essential to preserve white matter tracts such as the corticospinal tract. Cortical mapping identifies eloquent areas and helps to define safe entry sites to resect tumors. ![]() Transcranial and direct cortical stimulation for monitoring motor evoked potentials helps to assess the functional integrity of the primary motor system and allows predicting motor functional outcome of the patients. During surgery under general anesthesia, diverse monitoring and mapping techniques have been developed, which will be discussed in the following chapter. Intraoperative monitoring and mapping may allow real-time risk stratification and intraoperative guidance of the surgical strategy. ![]()
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